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scare quotes
Scare quotes, shudder quotes,〔Boolos, Geroge. ''Logic, Logic, and Logic''. Harvard University Press (1999) ISBN 9780674537675 page 400.〕〔Pinker, Steven. ''The Sense of Style: The Thinking Person's Guide to Writing in the 21st Century''. Penguin (2014) ISBN 9780698170308〕 or sneer quotes〔Miles, Murray. ''Inroads: Paths in Ancient and Modern Western Philosophy''. University of Toronto Press (2003) ISBN 9780802085313 page 134〕〔Herbert, Trevor. ''Music in Words : A Guide to Researching and Writing about Music''. Oxford University Press (2009) ISBN 9780199706150 page 126〕〔Horn, Barbara. ''Copy-editing''. The Publishing Training Center. (2008) page 68〕 are quotation marks placed around a word or phrase to signal that a term is being used in a nonstandard, ironic, or otherwise special sense.〔University of Chicago Press staff. ''Chicago Manual of Style''. University of Chicago Press (2010). page 365〕 They may be used to imply that a particular expression is not necessarily how the author would have worded a concept.〔Hart, Carol. ''A History of the Novel in Ants''. SpringStreet Books (2010) ISBN 9780979520433 page 246〕 Scare quotes may serve a function similar to verbally preceding a phrase with the expression "so-called", they may imply skepticism or disagreement, or that the writer intends an opposite sense of the words enclosed in quotes.〔Siegal, Allan M. ''The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage''. Three Rivers Press (1999) ISBN 9780812963892 page 280〕
Another completely different definition uses the term scare quotes to mean words or phrases that are quoted in order to scare the reader, or, in a political campaign, to smear an opposing candidate.〔Harries, Martin. ''Scare Quotes from Shakespeare: Marx, Keynes, and the Language of Reenchantment.'' Stanford University Press (2000) ISBN 9780804736213 page 6〕〔Kaplan, Alice Yeager. ''Reproductions of Banality: Fascism, Literature, and French Intellectual Life; Volume 36 of Theory and History of Literature''. University of Minnesota Press (1986) ISBN 9781452901497〕 Scare quotes have also been defined as expressions or passages in a work of literature that cause an estrangement or cause something to seem unfamiliar in a supernatural way.〔Harries, Martin. ''Scare Quotes from Shakespeare: Marx, Keynes, and the Language of Reenchantment''. Stanford University Press (2000) ISBN 9780804736213 page 3 - 6〕
== History ==
The term "scare quotes" as it refers specifically to the punctuation marks dates back to at least 1956, when it was used in an essay "Aristotle and the Sea Battle" written by G.E.M. Anscombe, and published in ''Mind; a Quarterly Review of Psychology and Philosophy''.〔Anscombe, G.E.M. “Aristotle and the Sea Battle.” ''Mind; a Quarterly Review of Psychology and Philosophy''. Volume lxv. No. 257. January 1956.〕 The use of a graphic symbol on a text to indicate irony or dubiousness of a word or phrase, goes back much further: Authors of ancient Greece used a mark called a ''dipple'' for that purpose.〔Finnegan, Ruth. ''Why Do We Quote?: The Culture and History of Quotation''. Open Book Publishers (2011) ISBN 9781906924331 page 86〕 Beginning in the 1990s the use of scare quotes suddenly became very widespread.〔Howells, Richard, editor. ''Outrage: Art, Controversy, and Society''. Palgrave Macmillan. (2012) ISBN 9780230350168 page 89〕〔Haack, Susan, editor. ''Manifesto of a Passionate Moderate: Unfashionable Essays''. University of Chicago Press (2000) ISBN 9780226311371 page 202〕〔Perlman, Merrill. ''“Scare” Tactics. Columbia Journalism Review''. 28 January 2013.〕 Postmodernist authors in particular have theorized about bracketing punctuation including scare quotes and have found reasons for their frequent use in their writings.〔〔Nash, Christopher. ''The Unravelling of the Postmodern Mind''. Edinburgh University Press. (2001) ISBN 9780748612154 page 92〕〔Saguaro, Shelley. ''Garden Plots: The Politics and Poetics of Gardens''. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. (2006) ISBN 9780754637530 page 62〕〔Olson, Gary A. Worsham, Lynn. ''Postmodern Sophistry: Stanley Fish and the Critical Enterprise''. SUNY Press (2004) ISBN 9780791462133 page 18〕〔Protevi, John. ''Time and Exteriority: Aristotle, Heidegger, Derrida''. Bucknell University Press (1994) page 120. ISBN 9780838752296〕〔Elmer, Johathan. ''Reading at the Social Limit: Affect, Mass Culture, and Edgar Allan Poe''. Stanford University Press (1995) ISBN 9780804725415 page 34〕
The other meaning of the term, that refers to the words or phrases being quoted, dates back to before 1946.〔〔Harries, Martin. ''Scare Quotes from Shakespeare: Marx, Keynes, and the Language of Reenchantment''. Stanford University Press (2000) ISBN 9780804736213 page 6〕〔Kaplan, Alice Yeager. ''Reproductions of Banality: Fascism, Literature, and French Intellectual Life; Volume 36 of Theory and History of Literature.'' University of Minnesota Press (1986) ISBN 9781452901497〕 The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' notes the use of the terms "scare-line" and "scare-head", the latter as early as 1888; these terms would today be defined as "scare quotes" in this other sense.〔Craigie, W. A.; Onions, C. T. (1933). ''A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles: Introduction, Supplement, and Bibliography''. Oxford: Clarendon Press.〕
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